So Balak…sent messengers to Balaam the son of Beor at Pethor, which is near the River in the land of the people of Amaw, to call him, saying, “Behold, a people has come out of Egypt. They cover the face of the earth, and they are dwelling opposite me. Come now, curse this people for me.” [Numbers 22:4b-6a (ESV)]
When reading the narratives of the Old Testament, it’s tempting to think that some of the stories are more legend than history. Take the story of Balaam, the pagan prophet hired by King Balak to curse the Israelites, who ended up blessing the Israel and pronouncing disaster on its enemies. Since this took place around 1407 BC, it’s easy to question the story’s accuracy. Balaam’s existence, however, has extra-biblical non-Israelite confirmation.
Over 2,800 years ago, the story of Balaam, “a divine seer,” who pronounced doom to his own people, was written in red and black ink on the plaster wall of a building in the ancient city of Deir ‘Alla in present day Jordan (about 25 miles from where the incident recorded in Numbers 21 took place). The building collapsed as the result of an earthquake around 760 BC (an event referenced in the books of Amos and Zechariah). In 1967, 119 fragments of Balaam’s story were found in the building’s rubble. Probably written about 800 BC, the text begins with the title, “Warnings from the Book of Balaam the son of Beor. He was a seer of the gods.” It continues with, “The misfortunes of the book of Balaam son of Beor. A divine seer was he.” Two more times in the first four lines, the prophet is referred to as “the son of Beor” just as he is in the Hebrew Bible. Referencing “the Book of Balaam” indicates that the wall’s words were copied from an earlier text and that the original material was older than the writing on the wall. While the Deir ‘Alla story mentions pagan gods, the God whose visit caused the prophet to weep bitterly is referred to as “El Shaddai,” which is how the God of Israel was referenced during this time.
The wall’s text tells us that Balaam was well known as a “cursing prophet” and much of the Deir ‘Alla text is given to the prophet’s many curses. These ancient wall fragments help explain why King Balak’s representatives traveled 400 miles to hire Balaam to curse the Israelites. Although the story on the wall, with its mention of other gods and goddesses, doesn’t exactly match the version in Numbers, one would expect a pagan people to put their slant on it and, with only a portion of the wall existing, we have only part of the story. Nevertheless, we know Balaam did exist.
When archeologists wondered why Balaam’s book would be written on the wall of a building in Deir ‘Alla, their answer was found in eleven clay tablets found in the same area. Dating from 1200 BC or earlier (the time of Balaam), they identify Deir ‘Alla as Pethor (Balaam’s home in the Hebrew Scriptures) and speak of the “smiters of Pethor.” If this “divine seer” lived in what is now Deir ‘Alla, it is not surprising that his story would be preserved in his hometown. While these fragments of wall and tablets don’t prove Balaam’s story in Numbers, they certainly back it up. However, there is no doubt that Balaam existed; he was a real prophet, well-known for casting curses, who lived on the east side of the Jordan, and was revered for centuries after his death.
While more ancient artifacts are being discovered every year, archeology is based on what’s been left behind, discovered, and deciphered. Many pieces are missing in the puzzle and the fragmentary nature of archeological evidence makes it impossible to recreate the Middle East’s complete history. Fortunately, we don’t need every biblical event to be confirmed by archeology because we accept the Bible as the Word of God. Scripture doesn’t need proof because it comes with the authority of God; saying archeology proves the Bible gives it more authority than that given to Scripture. Let us remember that, long before there were archeologists, Jesus accepted Scripture’s authority, cited it frequently, and attributed its words directly to God. If it was good enough for Jesus, it should be good enough for us!
Nevertheless, as time goes on and bits and pieces of ancient history are discovered and analyzed, we find that archeology continues to support the Bible. Extra-biblical evidence for Scripture’s people, places, and events continue to be found and verified. Archeological findings like those at Deir ‘Alla pose a problem for skeptics who’d prefer to think of the exodus, Israel’s wilderness wanderings, and the conquest of Canaan as things of legend. Since there is extra-biblical verification that Balaam was real, they should be cautious of dismissing other people like Balak, Moses, Aaron, Joshua, and the Israelites! Who knows what archeological treasures are hidden under the feet of those who walk in the Holy Land today?
As the Israelites journeyed toward Canaan, they turned south to the plains of Moab. Fearful of so many Israelites in Moab and Midian, King Balak of Moab sent the elders of Moab and Midian to hire Balaam, a sorcerer and prophet, to curse the Israelites. Although Balaam tried to do just that, the Lord intervened by speaking through the mouth of a donkey, opening the prophet’s eyes to see an angel of the Lord, and being told he could speak only the message the Lord put in his mouth. Rather than cursing the Israelites, Balaam ended up blessing them and cursing Moab! Needless to say, the prophet did not receive the rich reward promised him. Although God prevented Balaam from cursing Israel, the unscrupulous prophet found another way to get his reward from Balak—he got Israel to bring a curse upon themselves!
While I expected bear sightings when we lived in the mountains of Colorado, I never expected a bear to find its way into our Florida community and scavenge in a neighbor’s trash bin on her driveway! While bears generally prefer natural foods like berries and nuts, as civilization encroaches on their habitat, those foods are becoming less abundant. Driven by their need to eat, bears will go where they can find any food. With a sense of smell that is seven times greater than a bloodhound’s, it’s estimated they can smell a food source from as far away as 20 miles. Opportunistic creatures, they take advantage of whatever is easily available, whether bird seed, pet food, barbecue grills, or garbage.
Once upon a time, a little boy was busy digging in the sand at the beach. Like other youngsters through the years, he thought he even might be able to dig all the way to China. His steadfast excavations got so deep that he encountered a large rock. With great determination, he dug and dug with his plastic shovel in an attempt to free it from the ground. Unfortunately, the little boy and his small shovel were no match for the rock. When the shovel broke in two, the boy let out a howl and burst into tears. Hearing the child’s cries, his father immediately went to comfort him. Through his sobs, the boy told how he’d tried and tried to free the rock but was too weak, his arm was too short, and he’d broken his only shovel. His father gently asked why he hadn’t used all of his strength. “But I did, Daddy, I really did!” exclaimed the boy. “No, son, you didn’t,” explained the man as he reached into the hole, grabbed the rock with his large hands, and pulled it from the ground. “You should have called me!”
It’s tempting to speed-read through the long genealogies found in the Hebrew Scriptures, especially the nine chapters of names in 1 Chronicles. Just when we thought we were done with them, we get to the New Testament and Matthew begins with a lengthy genealogy. His abbreviated genealogy, however, is more than a list of often unpronounceable names. Because it was prophesized that the Messiah would be a descendant of Abraham and from the line of David, Matthew takes us through Jesus’ family tree to firmly establish His royal lineage and legal right to be the king of the Jews. There are three notable omissions in the line of ancestors—the vile kings Ahaziah, Joash, and Amaziah, all of whom Scripture says “did evil in the eyes of the Lord”—but there are five remarkable additions. While highly unusual to mention women in a genealogy, Matthew mentions five women, all of whom had what we might call “colorful” pasts.
Devotions of the Heart 